The
horse (
Equus ferus caballus)
[2][3] is one of two
extant subspecies of
Equus ferus. It is an
odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family
Equidae. The horse has
evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature,
Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began
domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their
domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies
caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as
feral horses. These feral populations are not true
wild horses, as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangered
Przewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, and the only remaining true
wild horse. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from
anatomy to life stages, size,
colors,
markings,
breeds,
locomotion, and behavior.
Horses are adapted to run, allowing them to quickly escape predators, possessing an excellent
sense of balance and a strong
fight-or-flight response. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults.Female horses, called
mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months, and a young horse, called a
foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under
saddle or in
harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years.
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