{"id":22314,"date":"2015-09-23T14:03:00","date_gmt":"2015-09-23T14:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/?p=22314"},"modified":"2017-04-17T12:09:20","modified_gmt":"2017-04-17T16:09:20","slug":"working-with-trademarks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/working-with-trademarks","title":{"rendered":"Working With Trademarks"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>This is the fourth in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/archives\/21787-introduction-to-rights-and-protections.html\">series of posts<\/a> about\u00a0different types of rights that could be involved with models and files here at Shapeways. \u00a0Today we\u2019re talking about trademarks.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-22315\" alt=\"5356384910_6d05eae15b_z\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/5356384910_6d05eae15b_z-625x416.jpg\" width=\"625\" height=\"416\" data-wp-pid=\"22315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/5356384910_6d05eae15b_z-625x416.jpg 625w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/5356384910_6d05eae15b_z-400x266.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/5356384910_6d05eae15b_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Without a trademark it can be hard to tell if this ketchup will be tasty or free of poison. Image:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/stevendepolo\/5356384910\/in\/photolist-9ajSBY-6hLABZ-8FJ9ze-9dVSHj-vfa2HK-mqxc9-8JCqoy-6TPrcG-coTDBw-cKKkVN-aJVXS-LcB1r-5b4c5u-prqGbX-8JznR6-7NcYpy-88g1ME-oXkF8z-bovkkn-9Q1gNx-83an4x-6JcYJD-5jbB1z-9AstBy-9rUfLo-dZrHqV-9yyAAX-ak9H3v-8JCqKu-dLTNVf-8JCqdf-73oUEG-cKKkL7-a88fCC-4gnSYG-dn9YC2-7e44Yc-rRcoK5-5ZypoG-abkTG-9Dmz7F-9DmqGr-9Dm9C1-NKmRy-b6nZun-4GUH3H-xtq2t-cFgjXN-u2pTQ3-L6VJ7\" target=\"_blank\"> flickr user Steven Depolo<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Imagine walking into the dystopian store of your nightmares to buy ketchup.\u00a0 The store is selling ketchup in three different bottles that look like they come from different places, but none of the bottles have any labels.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0You look at the three bottles, unable to figure out which one will taste the way you expect (and also not make you sick).\u00a0 Finally, motivated by an eerie sense that you are running out of time, you grab a bottle at random and hope for the best.<\/p>\n<p>A few hours later, all of your friends arrive at your BBQ.\u00a0 If your ketchup choice turns out to be wrong, you can blame the lack of trademarks in your nightmare store.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-22316\" alt=\"6835213652_a622ebb4bf_z\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/6835213652_a622ebb4bf_z-625x352.jpg\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" data-wp-pid=\"22316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/6835213652_a622ebb4bf_z-625x352.jpg 625w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/6835213652_a622ebb4bf_z-400x225.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/6835213652_a622ebb4bf_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>While both cards include the \u201cLocal 44\u201d trademark, only one of them really comes from the bar. Can you spot the counterfeit? Image: Flickr \u00a0user <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/travisgoodspeed\/6835213652\/in\/photolist-dpYmYx-dpYmUX-dpYwCo-dpYwzb-dpYmM8-dpYmHR-dpYmEv-dpYmBp-dpYmyR-dpYwgs-dpYmqP-dpYwbu-pGjvAw-pGnDQ3-oJpMwR-p2Vyeh-p2iDfS-pVZzvC-oSTNgx-oJs3uc-poNZbc-oJoS3N-poQX1Q-eeZ1aP-ef5JBA-ef5Jwd-eeYZVK-eeYZQk-eeYZPB-ef5Jgb-ef5JcY-ef5Jaq-ef5J85-ef5J5y-ef5J1S-e3HpMt-qpGw73-qpQqW4-qpGw7o-pKfLY1-qG69JH-qGfL6R-qpFKXQ-qG69LX-qG69Kp-qpQqXr-qGbAdQ-9WYhDp-6D3o52-bq1fTf\" target=\"_blank\">Travis Goodspeed<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Trademarks are words, names, and symbols that serve to identify the source of a product.\u00a0 Fundamentally, trademarks are about consumer protection: when you see ketchup with a trademark on it, you should be confident that the company who owns the trademark stands behind that ketchup.\u00a0 If someone else is passing off their own ketchup labeled with a brand name that you trust (a behavior known as counterfeiting), you might buy it expecting one thing only to discover later that it is quite another.<\/p>\n<p>Because of this consumer protection role, spotting trademark infringement is a bit different than spotting, say, copyright infringement.\u00a0 In disputes about copyright infringement, the core question is \u201cdid the defendant make a copy?\u201d\u00a0 In disputes about trademark infringement, the core question is \u201cis the use of the mark likely to cause confusion?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>There are plenty of uses of a trademark that can constitute trademark infringement.\u00a0 But there are also many ways to use a trademark without permission that are perfectly legal.\u00a0 The \u201clikelihood of confusion\u201d test is at the core of classifying any given use.\u00a0 The more likely a use is to suggest that the good is associated with a trademark holder, the more likely it is to be infringement.\u00a0 Conversely, the less likely a use is to suggest that the good is associated with a trademark holder, the less likely it is to be infringement. While using (or \u201ccopying\u201d) the trademark is part of that analysis, it is far from the final question.<\/p>\n<h1>Enter Shapeboard<\/h1>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-22317\" alt=\"artist rendering of ShapeBoard\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/artist-rendering-of-ShapeBoard-625x468.jpg\" width=\"625\" height=\"468\" data-wp-pid=\"22317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/artist-rendering-of-ShapeBoard-625x468.jpg 625w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/artist-rendering-of-ShapeBoard-360x270.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/artist-rendering-of-ShapeBoard.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Preliminary artist&#8217;s rendering of ShapeBoard.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In order to illustrate how this would work, imagine that Shapeways has just rolled out a hoverboard that we are calling the ShapeBoard.\u00a0 (Note that I\u2019m not saying that we are working on a hoverboard.\u00a0 I\u2019m also not <i>not<\/i> saying that we are working on a hoverboard.)\u00a0 Assuming you did not have permission from us, how could you use our ShapeBoard trademark?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-22318\" alt=\"shapeboard logo\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shapeboard-logo.jpg\" width=\"416\" height=\"88\" data-wp-pid=\"22318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shapeboard-logo.jpg 416w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shapeboard-logo-400x84.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 416px) 100vw, 416px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Preliminary artist&#8217;s rendering of the ShapeBoard logo. \u00a0Note that Shapeways could have a trademark on both the word &#8220;Shapeboard&#8221; and the specific appearance of the world Shapeboard in the logo.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In thinking through these examples of potential uses, it may be helpful to keep this three part test in mind.\u00a0 This test originally came from <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_case?q=971+F.2d+302&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6,33&amp;case=14061770079632631584&amp;scilh=0\">a case involving The New Kids on the Block<\/a> because, well, why not?\u00a0 Although this is a United States-based test, many other countries treat trademarks similarly.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Do you need to use the trademark in order to identify what you are talking about?<\/li>\n<li>Are you only using as much of the trademark as is reasonably necessary to identify what you are talking about?<\/li>\n<li>Are you avoiding any suggestion that the trademark holder is sponsoring or endorsing what you are doing?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Talking about ShapeBoard<\/b>.\u00a0 This might be obvious, so I\u2019ll get it out of the way early.\u00a0 You don\u2019t need Shapeways\u2019 permission to talk about ShapeBoard.\u00a0 You can say or write \u201cSO excited about ShapeBoard!\u201d or \u201cMy ShapeBoard is coming tomorrow!\u201d (or, I suppose, \u201cMeh, ShapeBoard\u201d) without getting the permission of Shapeways.\u00a0 This makes common sense and it also makes sense in the context of those three tests.\u00a0 It would be pretty hard to talk about the ShapeBoard without using the word \u201cShapeBoard\u201d and you need to use the entire word \u201cShapeBoard\u201d in order to do so.\u00a0 Finally, saying that you are excited about ShapeBoard does not imply that you are working with Shapeways or that Shapeways is endorsing you.<\/p>\n<p><b>Comparing ShapeBoard to things<\/b>.\u00a0 You also don\u2019t need Shapeways\u2019 permission to compare ShapeBoard to things.\u00a0 Let\u2019s say you are coming out with your own hoverboard.\u00a0 You can say that \u201cYouBoard is 20% cheaper than ShapeBoard\u201d or that \u201cYouBoard comes in 5 fewer colors than ShapeBoard\u201d without infringing on the ShapeBoard trademark.\u00a0 Again, this makes sense in the context of the test \u2013 you are only using ShapeBoard to the extent necessary to make the comparison and nothing you say suggests an association between you and ShapeBoard.<\/p>\n<p><b>Talking about ShapeBoard compatibility<\/b>.\u00a0 Instead of launching a rival hoverboard, you decide to get into the ShapeBoard accessory business (no offense to the YouBoard, but if the ShapeBoard exists it is pretty awesome so it is probably better to hop on the bandwagon).\u00a0 You roll out a line of 3D printed ShapeBoard fins, ShapeBoard bumpers, and ShapeBoard hover-mechanism-tuners.\u00a0 What is the best way to talk about them?\u00a0 Obviously, you are going to need to use the term \u201cShapeBoard.\u201d\u00a0 After all, it would be pretty hard to explain to people that you are offering fins for the ShapeBoard without using the term \u201cShapeBoard.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But don\u2019t forget about the third part of the test.\u00a0 You want to avoid suggesting that your fins, bumpers, and hover-mechanism-tuners come from Shapeways because Shapeways is not endorsing them.\u00a0 That\u2019s where clear terms like \u201cShapeBoard compatible\u201d or \u201cworks with ShapeBoard\u201d can come in.\u00a0 They avoid creating confusion among customers while still making it clear that your stuff works with ShapeBoard.<\/p>\n<p><b>Disclaimers<\/b>.\u00a0 Disclaimers can also be useful for addressing the third part of the test.\u00a0 Adding language to the description of your ShapeBoard compatible fins that clearly states that they are not affiliated in any way with ShapeBoard or Shapeways, and that the term ShapeBoard is used for comparison purposes only, can help get you on the right side of that part of the test.\u00a0 Remember, if you really are using the term ShapeBoard in good faith (as opposed to trying to trick customers into thinking that your fins came from Shapeways), this type of disclaimer should be easy to write.<\/p>\n<p>___________________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>If you are conscientious, there are many legitimate ways to use trademarks even if you don\u2019t have permission from the trademark owner.\u00a0 The important thing to remember is to avoid suggesting any sort of association or endorsement from that trademark owner.\u00a0 That being said, these types of rules tend to be highly fact and context specific.\u00a0 This blog post is not a substitute for legal advice, and if you have a specific question you should consider consulting an attorney.\u00a0 If you would like more information about using trademarks, the Digital Media Law Project has a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dmlp.org\/legal-guide\/using-trademarks-others\">good overview on using the trademarks of others<\/a> (although it is no longer being updated it provides some great foundational information).\u00a0 The International Trademark Association also <a href=\"http:\/\/www.inta.org\/TrademarkBasics\/FactSheets\/Pages\/FairUse.aspx\">has good information with international examples<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is the fourth in a series of posts about\u00a0different types of rights that could be involved with models and&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":22317,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[489],"tags":[596],"class_list":["post-22314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-products-and-design","tag-ip"],"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/artist-rendering-of-ShapeBoard-625x468.jpg","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.9 (Yoast SEO v23.9) - 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