{"id":21787,"date":"2015-08-12T13:27:26","date_gmt":"2015-08-12T13:27:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/?p=21787"},"modified":"2022-10-14T12:24:58","modified_gmt":"2022-10-14T16:24:58","slug":"introduction-to-rights-and-protections","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to Rights and Protections"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21789 aligncenter\" alt=\"11082971145_73e8905712_o\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o-521x500.jpg\" width=\"521\" height=\"500\" data-wp-pid=\"21789\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o-521x500.jpg 521w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o-281x270.jpg 281w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o-800x767.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o.jpg 888w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Shapeways designers create a mindboggling array of objects every day.&nbsp; This diversity fosters a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/connect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vibrant Shapeways community<\/a> and makes Shapeways shops exciting places to explore. It also means that models on Shapeways can potentially involve a number of different types of intellectual property and other rights.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes this rich diversity of rights can be a bit confusing and overwhelming.&nbsp; In an attempt to bring a bit of order to the rights chaos, today we\u2019re kicking off a series of blog posts that try to briefly describe a handful of types of rights that might touch upon models on Shapeways.&nbsp; Today\u2019s post will cover the high level basics.&nbsp; Future posts &#8211; they&#8217;ll be coming up every fortnight or so &#8211; will dive a bit deeper into issues raised by these rights. &nbsp;We&#8217;ll link to all of them from this post in the future so you can find them all in one place. &nbsp;While these posts are grounded in the laws as they exist in the United States, in most cases the general principles apply to many (if not most) countries.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/archives\/22039-whats-this-fair-use-thing-i-keep-hearing-about-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Use<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/?p=22199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IP Takedowns (also known as DMCA takedowns)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/archives\/22314-working-with-trademarks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Working with Trademarks<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/archives\/22497-controlling-a-model-out-in-the-world.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Your Rights &nbsp;After You Sell a Model<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(If you want a slightly more in depth \u2013 but still written for designers who are not lawyers \u2013 explanation for how all of these things fit together, you might want to check out <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicknowledge.org\/files\/docs\/3DPrintingPaperPublicKnowledge.pdf\">these<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicknowledge.org\/files\/What's%20the%20Deal%20with%20Copyright_%20Final%20version2.pdf\">three<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicknowledge.org\/documents\/3-steps-for-licensing-your-3d-printed-stuff\">whitepapers<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>((This series is for educational purposes only and is not legal advice. This area of law tends to be maddeningly fact-specific, so if you have a specific question it is always wise to talk to a lawyer who understands your circumstances.))<\/p>\n<p><b>Copyright<\/b><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_21791\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21791\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21791 \" alt=\"A drawing of a pig dancing with children is protectable by copyright.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11304037466_1fd1c0a10d_o-625x387.jpg\" width=\"625\" height=\"387\" data-wp-pid=\"21791\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11304037466_1fd1c0a10d_o-625x387.jpg 625w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11304037466_1fd1c0a10d_o-1024x634.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11304037466_1fd1c0a10d_o-400x247.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11304037466_1fd1c0a10d_o-800x495.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11304037466_1fd1c0a10d_o.jpg 1421w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21791\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drawing of a pig dancing with children is protectable by copyright.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>If you are familiar with one kind of intellectual property right, it is probably copyright.&nbsp; Copyright is designed to be an incentive to produce artistic, creative things.&nbsp; Here on Shapeways that can mean things like sculptures, figurines, and jewelry.&nbsp; Importantly, copyright generally does not protect functional items like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/marketplace\/gadgets\/mechanical-parts\/\">mechanical parts<\/a> or brackets and connectors (those are the domain of patents, described below).<\/p>\n<p>You do not need to apply for a copyright in order to have copyright protection (although there are advantages to registering \u2013 something that you can do <a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.gov\/eco\/\">here<\/a>.). As long as the thing you have created is of a type that is eligible for copyright protection, it is protected by copyright from the moment it exists.&nbsp; Copyright protection will generally last for the life of the author plus 70 years after her death.&nbsp; Copyright also allows for independent creation \u2013 if two people come up with identical models without copying each other, each one gets their own copyright protection for their model.<\/p>\n<p>Copyright mostly governs the making of copies of a protected item (that\u2019s where the \u201ccopy\u201d in copyright comes from).&nbsp; Traditionally this focused mostly on \u2018literal\u2019 copying, like making an exact copy of an entire book or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/product\/UX72S9DD2\/origami-crane-skeleton?li=nav&amp;optionId=43543219\">origami crane skeleton<\/a>.&nbsp; However, copyright also governs the creation of \u2018derivative\u2019 works. These aren\u2019t necessarily exactly copies, but rather are copies that are derived from some protected work. A classic example of this is creating a \u201ccopy\u201d of a book by turning it into a movie. &nbsp;There are important exceptions to these general rules (fair use probably being the best known) that we will cover in future blog posts.<\/p>\n<p><b>Patent<\/b><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_21793\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21793\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21793 \" alt=\"11227981943_7804e6ca5d_o\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11227981943_7804e6ca5d_o-625x395.jpg\" width=\"625\" height=\"395\" data-wp-pid=\"21793\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11227981943_7804e6ca5d_o-625x395.jpg 625w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11227981943_7804e6ca5d_o-1024x647.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11227981943_7804e6ca5d_o-400x253.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11227981943_7804e6ca5d_o-800x506.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21793\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dynamo is the kind of invention that is protectable by patent.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Patent is designed to be an incentive to produce \u201cfunctional\u201d innovations.&nbsp; Contrast this with copyright \u2013 those mechanical parts, brackets, and connectors that I said were not eligible for copyright protection are the types of things eligible for patent protection.<\/p>\n<p>Also in contrast with copyright, you do not get a patent automatically just for creating something that is functional and original.&nbsp; You need to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/patent\">apply for a patent<\/a> in order to get patent protection. &nbsp;If you get it, that patent protection generally lasts for 20 years.&nbsp; Unlike copyright, patent law does not allow for independent creation. That means that once you have a patent, anyone who practices that patent will infringe upon your patent even if they didn\u2019t know about it beforehand.<\/p>\n<p>Generally speaking, someone infringes on your patent by \u201cpracticing it\u201d \u2013 that is, doing what the patent describes \u2013 without your permission.<\/p>\n<p><b>Trademark<\/b><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_21794\" style=\"width: 444px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21794\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21794 \" alt=\"You can trust Aspinall to sell a product that is &quot;absolutely non-poisonous&quot; so look for their trademark on the bottle.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11305004205_67656889e0_o-434x500.jpg\" width=\"434\" height=\"500\" data-wp-pid=\"21794\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11305004205_67656889e0_o-434x500.jpg 434w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11305004205_67656889e0_o-889x1024.jpg 889w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11305004205_67656889e0_o-625x719.jpg 625w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11305004205_67656889e0_o-234x270.jpg 234w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11305004205_67656889e0_o-695x800.jpg 695w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11305004205_67656889e0_o.jpg 1185w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21794\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">You can trust Aspinall to sell a product that is &#8220;absolutely non-poisonous&#8221; so look for their trademark on the bottle.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Copyright and patent are both awarded as incentives to create and share innovation.&nbsp; While trademark is often lumped in with copyright and patent as \u201cintellectual property,\u201d its purpose is quite different.&nbsp; Trademark is all about consumer protection.&nbsp; When you see a trademark on a product, that trademark means that the trademark owner stands behind the product.<\/p>\n<p>As a result of this different purpose, trademark rules can feel very different from copyright and patent rules.&nbsp; In copyright and patent, infringement usually comes in the form of copying or using the protected creation.&nbsp; In trademark, infringement is usually judged by a \u201clikelihood of confusion\u201d standard: is it likely that a given use of a trademark would confuse a consumer into thinking that the trademark owner is standing behind the use?&nbsp; Does the use make it seem like the object is from or endorsed by the trademark holder? &nbsp;If so, the use may be infringing on the trademark.<\/p>\n<p><b>Right of Publicity<\/b><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_21795\" style=\"width: 395px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21795\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21795\" alt=\"TR might not like it, but as a public, newsworthy figure Puck is not violating his right of publicity even when they use his image to sell magazines.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/14886584808_85c0f89e56_o-385x500.jpg\" width=\"385\" height=\"500\" data-wp-pid=\"21795\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/14886584808_85c0f89e56_o-385x500.jpg 385w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/14886584808_85c0f89e56_o-625x811.jpg 625w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/14886584808_85c0f89e56_o-208x270.jpg 208w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/14886584808_85c0f89e56_o-616x800.jpg 616w, https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/14886584808_85c0f89e56_o.jpg 789w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21795\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">TR might not like it, but as a public, newsworthy figure Puck is not violating his right of publicity even when they use his image to sell magazines.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Right of publicity is also a bit out of the intellectual property mainstream, but it is worth mentioning here.&nbsp; Right of publicity is all about being able to control how your image is used commercially. In the US it is based in the right of privacy.&nbsp; Generally speaking, if you are leveraging someone\u2019s identity for commercial gain you may be infringing on their rights of publicity.<\/p>\n<p>There is at least one noteworthy exception to this general rule.&nbsp; In the United States we don\u2019t want the right of publicity to smother the type of free expression protected by the First Amendment.&nbsp; As a result, the more you are using someone\u2019s likeness to comment on or criticize them \u2013 and this is especially true if that someone is a public figure \u2013 the less likely you are to be infringing on their right of publicity.<\/p>\n<p><b style=\"line-height: 1.714285714; font-size: 1rem;\">Just an Introduction<\/b><\/p>\n<p>This post is designed to be an introduction to some of these concepts and, as a result, just scratches their surface.&nbsp; It leaves a lot of things out that may or may not be relevant to a specific case.&nbsp; Some of those things will be addressed in posts further into this series.<\/p>\n<p>If there are issues that you would like addressed in future posts let me know in the comments or on twitter <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/mweinberg2d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@MWeinberg2D<\/a>.&nbsp; We can\u2019t address specific legal disputes, but we can explain how some of these pieces fit together.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Shapeways designers create a mindboggling array of objects every day.&nbsp; This diversity fosters a vibrant Shapeways community and makes&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":21789,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[489],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21787","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-products-and-design"],"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o-625x598.jpg","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.9 (Yoast SEO v23.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Introduction to Rights and Protections - Shapeways Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; Shapeways designers create a mindboggling array of objects every day.&nbsp; This diversity fosters a vibrant Shapeways community and makes\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Michael Weinberg\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Michael Weinberg\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#\/schema\/person\/9e9a6a0945ba18a78ec44fcb66169360\"},\"headline\":\"Introduction to Rights and Protections\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-08-12T13:27:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-10-14T16:24:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections\"},\"wordCount\":1227,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Products and Design\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections\",\"name\":\"Introduction to Rights and Protections - Shapeways Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/introduction-to-rights-and-protections#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/11082971145_73e8905712_o.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-08-12T13:27:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-10-14T16:24:58+00:00\",\"description\":\"&nbsp; 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