{"id":21235,"date":"2015-06-17T19:11:42","date_gmt":"2015-06-17T19:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/?p=21235"},"modified":"2017-04-17T12:09:22","modified_gmt":"2017-04-17T16:09:22","slug":"keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain","title":{"rendered":"Keeping 3D Scans of the Public Domain in the Public Domain"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"3D

3D scans of objects in cultural institutions could make them much more widely available.<\/p><\/div>\n

One of the most exciting things about widespread access to 3D printing is how it has started to push cultural institutions to begin digitizing their 3D collections. \u00a0Now, in addition to being able to see free high quality 2D scans of paintings like a 15th Century Italian Pentecost<\/a> \u00a0and 18th Century Japanese Woodcuts<\/a>, you can see (and sometimes download, print, and modify) high quality 3D scans of the Cooper Hewitt Mansion<\/a>, Abraham Lincoln\u2019s face<\/a>, \u00a0and Musette the Maltese Dog<\/a>. \u00a0With objects reaching back thousands of years scattered across cultural institutions around the world, it isn\u2019t hard to imagine a future where the world\u2019s cultural heritage objects are available to anyone with a 3D printer (or, say, a Shapeways account).<\/p>\n

\"We've<\/a>

We’ve been able to access high quality 2D world heritage items online for years. (Image from the J. Paul Getty Museum Open Content Program, which is awesome).<\/p><\/div>\n

\"Why<\/a>

Why not high quality scans of 3D objects? (image courtesy MetMuseum)<\/p><\/div>\n

But a question about copyright is lurking in the background of this glorious future. \u00a0Specifically, a question about copyrights in the scans of the objects themselves: are 3D scans protected by copyright? \u00a0If the answer is yes, scanning could drag parts of cultural heritage objects away from their home in the public domain and lock them up behind proprietary walls for decades. \u00a0That would make it much harder for people to access their own cultural heritage.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, at least one court in the United States<\/a> has found that scanning an object does not create a new copyright in the scan. \u00a0That means that scanning a 9th century Hanuman mask<\/a> doesn\u2019t wrap the scan in a new copyright. \u00a0\u00a0However, a paper from earlier this year by Thomas Margoni<\/a> illustrates that the copyright status of scans is not as clear in the European Union. \u00a0That lack of clarity alone could slow the dissemination of objects housed in Europe\u2019s finest cultural institutions. \u00a0Hopefully, the EU will move to clarify that 3D scans of objects do not create entirely new layers of copyright protection.<\/p>\n

Remember, in this context we are not talking about copyrights in the objects themselves. \u00a0For the sake of simplicity, let\u2019s just focus on the thousands of years of cultural production prior to around 1920 that is well in the public domain. \u00a0In these cases we are talking about someone who did not create the original object scanning it and then claiming a new copyright on the scan – and only the scan – itself.<\/p>\n

Background: Originality<\/strong><\/p>\n

Originality is a key to understanding why a scan should or should not be protected by copyright. \u00a0Originality is a general requirement to obtain copyright protection, although the bar for what qualifies as \u201coriginal\u201d is famously low. \u00a0That being said, while the bar is low it does exist.<\/p>\n

\"It<\/a>

It takes a lot of work to put together the phone book. That doesn’t mean it is protected by copyright. (image credit: flickr user James Cape)<\/p><\/div>\n

Note that in this context originality is not synonymous with \u201ccomplicated\u201d or \u201clabor intensive.\u201d \u00a0Instead, it suggests that the author of the work made creative choices about how to create the work. In a famous US case<\/a>, the Supreme Court denied copyright protection for the phone book. \u00a0The court acknowledged that putting together a phone book takes lots of time, effort, and resources. \u00a0But it denied copyright protection because there isn\u2019t room for creative expression in how you assemble a phone book. \u00a0The form pretty much dictates that you list everyone in alphabetical order and that each entry starts with a name and ends with a phone number. Given a pool of names and phone numbers, everyone\u2019s phone book is going to look pretty much the same.<\/p>\n

The same type of theory can be applied to scanning. \u00a0It can take a lot of work and technical expertise to accurately scan a 3D object. \u00a0But at the end of the day, the goal is to create as accurate a scan as possible. \u00a0Some people may be better or worse at achieving that goal, but the nature of the task does not leave a lot of room for creative interpretation. \u00a0Without creative interpretation there is no copyright protection.<\/p>\n

That distinction is reasonably straightforward in the US. \u00a0However, Margoni\u2019s paper highlights that fact that it is not as clear in the EU. \u00a0EU-wide laws designed to harmonize copyright leaves the test for originality up to each member state, and those member states have each structured that test slightly differently. \u00a0That means that at least some types of scanning in some EU member countries could be protected by an additional copyright.<\/p>\n

Why This Matters<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Everyone<\/a>

Everyone is sad when cultural heritage objects are locked up. (image credit: flickr user Ania Mendrek)<\/p><\/div>\n

It would be bad to protect 3D scans with a new copyright because it adds another wall of rights around the object being scanned. \u00a0This is especially harmful in the context of scans of world heritage objects. \u00a0World heritage objects are part of our collective inheritance. \u00a0Adding additional rightsholders creates a barrier for everyone who wants to access that inheritance.<\/p>\n

Beyond copyright\u2019s capacity to simply block use, additional layers of protection also undermine confidence in use.<\/p>\n

Copyright lasts for a long time, and copyright rules can make it hard to determine the protection status of a given object. \u00a0But, at a minimum, a statue from 1900 – or 1900 BC – \u00a0is clearly in the public domain. \u00a0\u201cMade by a civilization unfamiliar with electricity = public domain\u201d is a rule of thumb that everyone should be able to rely on without consulting a copyright attorney. \u00a0If there is the potential for an additional scanning copyright, every time you came into contact with a 3D scan of a world heritage object you would have to ask a host of questions: Who made this actual scan? \u00a0How did they decide to license it? \u00a0Will I have to worry about someone who made a different scan suing me for copyright infringement? \u00a0Regardless of the answer, the mere existence of each of these questions make it less likely that people will make use of the scans.<\/p>\n

World heritage objects belong to everyone. \u00a0There are already plenty of people trying to pull them into an ownership box<\/a> without adding an additional layer of copyright protection to scans. \u00a0There is no reason to make it more likely that one person will have a veto over how these objects are used. \u00a0The Margoni paper is an important step towards understanding how 3D scanning may be treated in the EU. \u00a0The next step is making sure that those rules arc towards openness and accessibility for all.<\/p>\n

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One of the most exciting things about widespread access to 3D printing is how it has started to push cultural…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":21241,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[489],"tags":[528],"class_list":["post-21235","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-products-and-design","tag-54-3d-scan"],"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/7482906974_015a6978c2_o-625x492.jpg","yoast_head":"\nKeeping 3D Scans of the Public Domain in the Public Domain - Shapeways Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"One of the most exciting things about widespread access to 3D printing is how it has started to push cultural institutions to begin digitizing their 3D\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Michael Weinberg\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Michael Weinberg\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#\/schema\/person\/9e9a6a0945ba18a78ec44fcb66169360\"},\"headline\":\"Keeping 3D Scans of the Public Domain in the Public Domain\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-06-17T19:11:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-04-17T16:09:22+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain\"},\"wordCount\":1170,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/7482906974_015a6978c2_o.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"3D Scan\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Products and Design\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain\",\"name\":\"Keeping 3D Scans of the Public Domain in the Public Domain - Shapeways Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/7482906974_015a6978c2_o.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-06-17T19:11:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-04-17T16:09:22+00:00\",\"description\":\"One of the most exciting things about widespread access to 3D printing is how it has started to push cultural institutions to begin digitizing their 3D\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/keeping-3d-scans-of-the-public-domain-in-the-public-domain#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/7482906974_015a6978c2_o.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/7482906974_015a6978c2_o.jpg\",\"width\":4282,\"height\":3372,\"caption\":\"Everyone is sad when cultural heritage objects are locked up. 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