{"id":1215,"date":"2012-02-15T14:11:09","date_gmt":"2012-02-15T14:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/archives\/1215-3d-printing-technologies-explained.html"},"modified":"2014-07-03T17:15:58","modified_gmt":"2014-07-03T17:15:58","slug":"3d-printing-technologies-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained","title":{"rendered":"3D Printing Technologies Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- s9ymdb:16938 --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"serendipity_image_right\" width=\"280\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/what-is.jpg\">At Shapeways we use a range of different 3D printing technologies to create your 3D prints depending on the <a href=\"\/materials\/\" target=\"_blank\">material<\/a> you choose. We use terms like <a href=\"\/materials\/white_strong_flexible\" target=\"_blank\">White Strong &amp; Flexible<\/a>, <a href=\"\/materials\/frosted_detail\" target=\"_blank\">Frosted Ultra Detail<\/a> and <a href=\"\/materials\/fullcolor\" target=\"_blank\">Full Color Sandstone<\/a> to describe the material properties, not the process or material brand name so that people with no&nbsp;experience&nbsp;can better choose the materials to use for 3D printing. On the <a href=\"\/materials\/\" target=\"_blank\">materials page<\/a> you can dig in to get more detail on the materials and processes used to have a deeper understanding.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Shapeways co-founder and Chief Technology Officer <a href=\"\/blog\/archives\/65-My-name-is-Robert-Schouwenburg,-pleased-to-meet-you!.html\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Schouwenburg<\/a> has a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.schouwenburg.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">personal blog<\/a> he uses to keep track of his thoughts on 3D printing, online creation &amp; personal fabrication which is a great source of information. &nbsp;We will occasionally &#8216;reblog&#8217; his posts as they are a great resource and offer insight into some of the thinking behind Shapeways. The first we would like to post is&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.schouwenburg.com\/3d-printing-technologies-explained\" target=\"_blank\">3D Printing Technologies Explained<\/a>&nbsp;which, ahh, explains some of the current 3D printing technologies.<\/p>\n<p> The rest of this blog post will be a direct copy of Robert&#8217;s post from July 21st 2011.<!--more--><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>In this post, I would like to&nbsp;give&nbsp;an overview of the 3D printing<br \/>\ntechnologies which exist today. Each of these technologies deserves a<br \/>\nblog&nbsp;post&nbsp;on its own, but I want to start with an overview.<\/p>\n<p>While writing this &ndash; long &ndash; blog post, I realized that I needed to<br \/>\nintroduce some concepts first before I explained the specifics of each<br \/>\nof the technologies.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Build platform<\/strong> &ndash; platform on which the parts&nbsp;are&nbsp;build. Just imagine a&nbsp;plate&nbsp;which can be lowered and raised.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Build chamber<\/strong> &ndash; chamber in where the 3D printing<br \/>\ntakes place. It consists of the build platform, heads \/ laser or<br \/>\nprojectors, the&nbsp;material&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;and depositing mechanisms.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Layers<\/strong> &ndash; 3D printers&nbsp;build&nbsp;parts in layers<br \/>\nwhich&nbsp;are stacked&nbsp;on top of each other. In most<br \/>\ncases,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;recognize&nbsp;the layering when examining a 3D printed&nbsp;part.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Support structures<\/strong> &ndash; structures to&nbsp;help&nbsp;the<br \/>\nprinting process. The structures support overhangs while printing making<br \/>\n sure the&nbsp;part&nbsp;does not&nbsp;collapse&nbsp;on itself during printing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Support material<\/strong> &ndash; special&nbsp;material&nbsp;for<br \/>\nmaking&nbsp;support&nbsp;structures. The reasons to use a different material is<br \/>\nthat it is easier to&nbsp;remove&nbsp;and&nbsp;recognize&nbsp;during cleaning of the part.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>SLA &ndash; Stereolithography Aparatus<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is the oldest commercial 3D printing technology invented by Chuck<br \/>\nHull in 1984 and commercialized by founding 3D systems in 1986. The<br \/>\nprinting works by having laser solidifying a&nbsp;liquid&nbsp;resin in a VAT on a<br \/>\nbuild platform. The next layer&nbsp;is added&nbsp;by lowering the&nbsp;build&nbsp;platform<br \/>\ninside the VAT.&nbsp;After printing, the&nbsp;part&nbsp;is cleaned&nbsp;in a chemical bath,<br \/>\nand cured in an UV oven.&nbsp;This technology needs&nbsp;support&nbsp;structures.<br \/>\nA variation of this technology uses DLP (Digital Light Processors)<br \/>\ninstead of a laser to cure the resin. This makes the printing process go<br \/>\n faster.<br \/>\nSLA systems are manufactured by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.3dsystems.com\/\">3D Systems<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.envisiontec.com\/\">Envisiontec <\/a>(DLP) and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.zcorp.com\/\">ZCorp<\/a> (DLP)<br \/>\nFor more information see this excellent <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stereolithography\">Wikpedia article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SLS &ndash; Selective Laser Sintering<\/strong><br \/>\nThis technology&nbsp;was invented&nbsp;by Dr. Carl Deckard around the same time as<br \/>\n SLA. The process is essentially fusing small particles in powder form<br \/>\ntogether using a laser. Just below the&nbsp;powder&nbsp;this is<br \/>\na&nbsp;build&nbsp;platform&nbsp;which lowers to make room for the next layer. A wiper<br \/>\nredistributes the&nbsp;powder&nbsp;over the platform, and the next layer&nbsp;is<br \/>\nfused&nbsp;by the laser. This technology does need&nbsp;support&nbsp;material or<br \/>\nstructures. The powder functions as a support.<br \/>\nUsing SLS&nbsp;several&nbsp;types of plastic, metal and ceramic\/sand powders can be used.<br \/>\nSLS systems are sold by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eos.info\/\">EOS<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.3dsystems.com\/\">3D Systems<\/a>.<br \/>\nFor more information see this <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_laser_sintering\">Wikipedia article<\/a>,<\/p>\n<p><strong>FDM &ndash; Fused Deposition modeling<\/strong><br \/>\nScott Crump invented FDM in the late 80s and commercialized it through<br \/>\nhis company Stratasys in 1990. FDM printing works by extruding<br \/>\na&nbsp;material&nbsp;through a nozzle and&nbsp;move&nbsp;the nozzle over a build&nbsp;platform&nbsp;to<br \/>\n &ldquo;write&rdquo; the&nbsp;part. The next layer&nbsp;is added&nbsp;by lowering<br \/>\nthe&nbsp;build&nbsp;platform. Support structures or materials are&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;for<br \/>\nthis technology, but not all manufacturers&nbsp;offer&nbsp;that option and thus<br \/>\nlimiting the usefulness of their FDM systems.<br \/>\nCommon materials are plastics, but other&nbsp;compound&nbsp;materials&nbsp;are used&nbsp;as<br \/>\nwell. FDM technology&nbsp;is employed&nbsp;by many low cost hobbyist printers.<br \/>\nFDM systems are sold by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stratasys.com\/\">Stratasys<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.makerbot.com\/\">Makerbot<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/pp3dp.com\/\">UP!<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fabathome.org\/\">Fab@Home<\/a> and others.<br \/>\nFor more information see <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fused_deposition_modeling\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>3DP &ndash; Three Dimensional Printing<\/strong><br \/>\nThis technology came out of MIT and&nbsp;was invented&nbsp;in 1993. It&nbsp;is<br \/>\ncommercialized&nbsp;by Z Corporation, but others use the same technology, as<br \/>\nwell. 3DP uses a&nbsp;powder&nbsp;as well in the printing process. The&nbsp;powder&nbsp;is<br \/>\n&ldquo;glued&rdquo; together by binder on a build platform. The binder&nbsp;is<br \/>\ndeposited&nbsp;by a moving head. The next layer&nbsp;is added&nbsp;by lowering<br \/>\nthe&nbsp;build&nbsp;platform. A wiper redistributes the&nbsp;powder. The powder acts as<br \/>\n support, so this technology does not&nbsp;need&nbsp;any&nbsp;support&nbsp;structures or<br \/>\nmaterial. The parts are extremely&nbsp;fragile&nbsp;after printing and need to be<br \/>\ncarefully cleaned and cured.<br \/>\nThere is a wide range of options for&nbsp;powder&nbsp;and ranges from plaster,<br \/>\nceramics, metals to glass. Unique to the commercial&nbsp;application&nbsp;of Z<br \/>\nCorporation is the ability to color the parts during printing resulting<br \/>\nin parts delivered in full color.<br \/>\n3DP systems are manufactured by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.zcorp.com\/\">Z Corporation<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exone.com\/\">ExOne<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.voxeljet.de\/\">Voxeljet<\/a>.<br \/>\nFor more information please see the <a href=\"http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/tdp\/www\/whatis3dp.html\">3DP page<\/a> at MIT.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Polyjet matrix printing<\/strong><br \/>\nThis technology is&nbsp;specific&nbsp;for Objet Geometries. The&nbsp;process&nbsp;builds<br \/>\nparts by extruding or jets extremely small droplets of&nbsp;material&nbsp;onto a<br \/>\nbuild platform. The head can&nbsp;drop&nbsp;multiple droplets at the same time &ndash;<br \/>\nhence the name matrix. After depositing, the material&nbsp;is cured&nbsp;using UV<br \/>\nlight. The next layer&nbsp;is deposited&nbsp;on top of the previous layer. This<br \/>\ntechnology uses support material during building.<br \/>\nThe material used in this process is&nbsp;a polymer. Unique to this process<br \/>\nis that it can use two&nbsp;distinct&nbsp;materials to&nbsp;build&nbsp;a&nbsp;part&nbsp;including<br \/>\nmixing these two materials in different variations.<br \/>\nPolyjet matrix systems are manufactured by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.objet.com\/\">Objet<\/a>.<br \/>\nFor more information see <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Objet_Geometries\">Wikipedia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>EBM &ndash; Electronic Beam Melting<\/strong><br \/>\nThis printing&nbsp;process&nbsp;is developed&nbsp;by Arcam which&nbsp;was founded&nbsp;in 1997.<br \/>\nThis process uses a powder which&nbsp;is fused&nbsp;together on a build platform<br \/>\nby an electronic beam. By lowering the build&nbsp;platform&nbsp;and redistributing<br \/>\n the&nbsp;powder&nbsp;using a wiper, the next layer can be&nbsp;build. The process is<br \/>\nsimilar to SLS but uses an electronic&nbsp;beam&nbsp;instead of a laser.<br \/>\nThe powders are always metals with different types of alloys. The&nbsp;build&nbsp;chamber is a&nbsp;vacuum&nbsp;and heats up until 700 &ndash; 1000C.<br \/>\nEBM systems are&nbsp;manufactured&nbsp;by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arcam.com\/\">Arcam<\/a><br \/>\nFor more information see the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electron_beam_melting\">EBM Wikipedia page<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>LOM &ndash; Laminated Object Manufacturing<\/strong><br \/>\nThis technology&nbsp;is developed&nbsp;by Helisys. it uses thin sheets of material<br \/>\n which&nbsp;is cut&nbsp;by either a laser or a knife according to the outline of<br \/>\nthe part. Next the&nbsp;sheet&nbsp;is glued&nbsp;on top of the&nbsp;previous&nbsp;cut&nbsp;sheet&nbsp;of<br \/>\nmaterial. After printing the excess material is &ldquo;broken&rdquo; off and&nbsp;you&nbsp;are<br \/>\n left&nbsp;with the printed parts.<br \/>\nLOM&nbsp;printers&nbsp;mostly&nbsp;use paper, but there are also other materials &ndash; mostly&nbsp;various&nbsp;plastics.<br \/>\nLOM systems are today only manufactured by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mcortechnologies.com\/\">Mcor technologies<\/a>.<br \/>\nFor more information see this &ndash; somewhat sparse &ndash; <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laminated_object_manufacturing\">Wikipedia article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>These are the most 3D printing technologies manufactured today. There<br \/>\n are more technologies and variations available in both research<br \/>\nand&nbsp;production, but they focus on real niche areas.<\/p>\n<p><span about=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/scraplab\/3984459304\/\" xmlns:dct=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\" xmlns:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\"><font size=\"1\">Image =&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/scraplab\/3984459304\/\" property=\"dct:title\">3D printers<\/a> \/ <a rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" property=\"cc:attributionName\" href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/scraplab\/\">Tom Taylor<\/a> \/ <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/<\/a><\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At Shapeways we use a range of different 3D printing technologies to create your 3D prints depending on the material&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":12211,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[477],"class_list":["post-1215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-1-whats-hot"],"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/what-is.jpg","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.9 (Yoast SEO v23.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>3D Printing Technologies Explained - Shapeways Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"At Shapeways we use a range of different 3D printing technologies to create your 3D prints depending on the material you choose. We use terms like White\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Duann\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Duann\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#\/schema\/person\/848d6ff12be3ccf4dc1dcd672000dc28\"},\"headline\":\"3D Printing Technologies Explained\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-02-15T14:11:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-07-03T17:15:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained\"},\"wordCount\":1434,\"commentCount\":4,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/what-is.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"What's Hot\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained\",\"name\":\"3D Printing Technologies Explained - Shapeways Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prodshapeblog.wpenginepowered.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/3d-printing-technologies-explained#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/what-is.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-02-15T14:11:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-07-03T17:15:58+00:00\",\"description\":\"At Shapeways we use a range of different 3D printing technologies to create your 3D prints depending on the material you choose. 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